Bus Speed A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components or between computers. Types include front-side bus (FSB), which carries data between the CPU and memory controller hub; direct media interface (DMI), which is a point-to-point interconnection between an Intel integrated memory controller and an Intel I/O controller hub on the computer’s motherboard; and Quick Path Interconnect (QPI), which is a point-to-point interconnect between the CPU and the integrated memory controller. Intel® Optane™ Memory Supported ‡ Intel® Optane™ memory is a revolutionary new class of non-volatile memory that sits in between system memory and storage to accelerate system performance and responsiveness.
Identify your products and get driver and software updates for your Intel hardware. Get started Intel® will be supplying Windows DCH Drivers for its products beginning in November.
When combined with the Intel® Rapid Storage Technology Driver, it seamlessly manages multiple tiers of storage while presenting one virtual drive to the OS, ensuring that data frequently used resides on the fastest tier of storage. Intel® Optane™ memory requires specific hardware and software configuration. Visit for configuration requirements. Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology is an advanced means of enabling high performance while meeting the power-conservation needs of mobile systems. Conventional Intel SpeedStep® Technology switches both voltage and frequency in tandem between high and low levels in response to processor load.
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology builds upon that architecture using design strategies such as Separation between Voltage and Frequency Changes, and Clock Partitioning and Recovery. Intel® Identity Protection Technology ‡ Intel® Identity Protection Technology is a built-in security token technology that helps provide a simple, tamper-resistant method for protecting access to your online customer and business data from threats and fraud. Intel® IPT provides a hardware-based proof of a unique user’s PC to websites, financial institutions, and network services; providing verification that it is not malware attempting to login.
Intel® IPT can be a key component in two-factor authentication solutions to protect your information at websites and business log-ins. All information provided is subject to change at any time, without notice.
I looked up the driver details, Vendor: 8086 Dev: 3b64 SubSys:83831043 On the intel page it is listed right down the bottom under the pending section.the chip is listed as the Intel Management Engine Interface. The Intel HD Graphics. 8086:0106: 6 HD Graphics 2000. Linux distribution with kernel 2.6.33 and Intel Xorg driver 2.11 or newer is recommended. This package installs the software (Graphics and Display Audio drivers) to enable the following devices: - Intel HD Graphics Device - Intel Display AudioApplicable for Edge E120, Edge E320, L420, L421, L520, X121e, X130e.
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“Announced” SKUs are not yet available. Please refer to the Launch Date for market availability. Some products can support AES New Instructions with a Processor Configuration update, in particular, i7-2630QM/i7-2635QM, i7-2670QM/i7-2675QM, i5-2430M/i5-2435M, i5-2410M/i5-2415M.
Please contact OEM for the BIOS that includes the latest Processor configuration update. ‡ This feature may not be available on all computing systems. Please check with the system vendor to determine if your system delivers this feature, or reference the system specifications (motherboard, processor, chipset, power supply, HDD, graphics controller, memory, BIOS, drivers, virtual machine monitor-VMM, platform software, and/or operating system) for feature compatibility. Functionality, performance, and other benefits of this feature may vary depending on system configuration. See for more information including details on which processors support Intel® HT Technology. Max Turbo Frequency refers to the maximum single-core processor frequency that can be achieved with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology.
Upgrade to 64 bit windows 7. Upgrade to 64-bit Windows 7. But there's a quicker way to get a simple thumbs up or down on the 64-bit question. Download and run Gibson Research's Securable. Steve Gibson designed this program to examine your CPU and tell you about its security features. But as an added bonus, when Securable comes up on your screen. Upgrade Windows 7 32-bit to windows 7 64-bit? Two days ago, I purchased Windows 7 Home Premium, and installed it successfully, had no problems there. I have only just realised that I accidentally installed the 32-bit disk though, instead of the 64-bit disk.
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Processors that support 64-bit computing on Intel® architecture require an Intel 64 architecture-enabled BIOS.
• 40 pin Variant The 8086 (also called iAPX 86 ) is a chip designed by between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. The, released July 1, 1979, is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit (allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting ), and is notable as the processor used in the original design, including the widespread version called. The 8086 gave rise to the, which eventually became Intel's most successful line of processors. On June 5, 2018, Intel released a limited edition CPU celebrating the anniversary of the Intel 8086, called the Intel Core i7-8086K. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Background [ ] In 1972, Intel launched the, the first 8-bit microprocessor. It implemented an designed by corporation with programmable in mind, which also proved to be fairly general-purpose. The device needed several additional to produce a functional computer, in part due to it being packaged in a small 18-pin 'memory package', which ruled out the use of a separate address bus (Intel was primarily a manufacturer at the time).
Two years later, Intel launched the, employing the new 40-pin originally developed for ICs to enable a separate address bus. It has an extended instruction set that is (not ) with the 8008 and also includes some instructions to make programming easier. The 8080 device, was eventually replaced by the -based (1977), which sufficed with a single +5 V power supply instead of the three different operating voltages of earlier chips.
Other well known 8-bit microprocessors that emerged during these years are (1974), (1975), (1975), (1976), and (1978). The first x86 design [ ]. Intel 8086 CPU die image The 8086 project started in May 1976 and was originally intended as a temporary substitute for the ambitious and delayed project. It was an attempt to draw attention from the less-delayed 16- and 32-bit processors of other manufacturers (such as,, and ) and at the same time to counter the threat from the (designed by former Intel employees), which became very successful. Both the architecture and the physical chip were therefore developed rather quickly by a small group of people, and using the same basic elements and physical implementation techniques as employed for the slightly older (and for which the 8086 also would function as a continuation). Marketed as, the 8086 was designed to allow for the 8008, 8080, or 8085 to be automatically converted into equivalent (suboptimal) 8086 source code, with little or no hand-editing. The programming model and instruction set is (loosely) based on the 8080 in order to make this possible.
However, the 8086 design was expanded to support full 16-bit processing, instead of the fairly limited 16-bit capabilities of the 8080 and 8085. New kinds of instructions were added as well; full support for signed integers, base+offset addressing, and self-repeating operations were akin to the design but were all made slightly more general in the 8086. Instructions directly supporting -family languages such as and were also added. According to principal architect, this was a result of a more software-centric approach than in the design of earlier Intel processors (the designers had experience working with compiler implementations). Other enhancements included multiply and divide instructions and a bus structure better adapted to future coprocessors (such as and ) and multiprocessor systems.
The first revision of the instruction set and high level architecture was ready after about three months, and as almost no CAD tools were used, four engineers and 12 layout people were simultaneously working on the chip. The 8086 took a little more than two years from idea to working product, which was considered rather fast for a complex design in 1976–1978. The 8086 was sequenced using a mixture of and and was implemented using depletion-load nMOS circuitry with approximately 20,000 active (29,000 counting all and sites).
It was soon moved to a new refined nMOS manufacturing process called (for High performance MOS) that Intel originally developed for manufacturing of fast products. This was followed by HMOS-II, HMOS-III versions, and, eventually, a fully static version for battery powered devices, manufactured using Intel's processes. The original chip measured 33 mm² and minimum feature size was 3.2 μm. The architecture was defined by with some help and assistance by Bruce Ravenel (the architect of the 8087) in refining the final revisions. Nitro type gold generator. Logic designer Jim McKevitt and John Bayliss were the lead engineers of the hardware-level development team and Bill Pohlman the manager for the project. The legacy of the 8086 is enduring in the basic instruction set of today's personal computers and servers; the 8086 also lent its last two digits to later extended versions of the design, such as the and the, all of which eventually became known as the family.
(Another reference is that the for Intel devices is 8086 h.) Details [ ]. The 8086 pin assignments in min and max mode Buses and operation [ ] All internal registers, as well as internal and external data buses, are 16 bits wide, which firmly established the '16-bit microprocessor' identity of the 8086.
A 20-bit external address bus provides a 1 physical address space (2 20 = 1,048,576). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory 'segmentation'. The data bus is with the address bus in order to fit all of the control lines into a standard 40-pin. It provides a 16-bit I/O address bus, supporting 64 of separate I/O space. The maximum linear address space is limited to 64 KB, simply because internal address/index registers are only 16 bits wide. Programming over 64 KB memory boundaries involves adjusting the segment registers (see below); this difficulty existed until the architecture introduced wider (32-bit) registers (the memory management hardware in the did not help in this regard, as its registers are still only 16 bits wide). Hardware modes [ ] Some of the control pins, which carry essential signals for all external operations, have more than one function depending upon whether the device is operated in min or max mode.
The former mode is intended for small single-processor systems, while the latter is for medium or large systems using more than one processor (a kind of multiprocessor mode). Maximum mode is required when using an 8087 or 8089 coprocessor. The voltage on pin 33 (MN/ MX) determine the mode. Changing the state of pin 33 changes the function of certain other pins, most of which have to do with how the CPU handles the (local) bus. The mode is usually hardwired into the circuit and therefore cannot be changed by software.
The workings of these modes are described in terms of timing diagrams in Intel datasheets and manuals. In minimum mode, all control signals are generated by the 8086 itself.
See also: There are also three 16-bit registers (see figure) that allow the 8086 to access one of memory in an unusual way. Rather than concatenating the segment register with the address register, as in most processors whose address space exceeds their register size, the 8086 shifts the 16-bit segment only four bits left before adding it to the 16-bit offset (16×segment + offset), therefore producing a 20-bit external (or effective or physical) address from the 32-bit segment:offset pair. As a result, each external address can be referred to by 2 12 = 4096 different segment:offset pairs. 0110 1000 1000 0111 0000 Segment, 16 bits, shifted 4 bits left (or multiplied by 0x10) + 0011 0100 1010 1001 Offset, 16 bits 0110 1011 1101 0001 1001 Address, 20 bits Although considered complicated and cumbersome by many programmers, this scheme also has advantages; a small program (less than 64 KB) can be loaded starting at a fixed offset (such as 0000) in its own segment, avoiding the need for, with at most 15 bytes of alignment waste. Compilers for the 8086 family commonly support two types of, near and far.
Near pointers are 16-bit offsets implicitly associated with the program's code or data segment and so can be used only within parts of a program small enough to fit in one segment. Far pointers are 32-bit segment:offset pairs resolving to 20-bit external addresses. Some compilers also support huge pointers, which are like far pointers except that on a huge pointer treats it as a linear 20-bit pointer, while pointer arithmetic on a far pointer within its 16-bit offset without touching the segment part of the address.
To avoid the need to specify near and far on numerous pointers, data structures, and functions, compilers also support 'memory models' which specify default pointer sizes. The tiny (max 64K), small (max 128K), compact (data > 64K), medium (code > 64K), large (code,data > 64K), and huge (individual arrays > 64K) models cover practical combinations of near, far, and huge pointers for code and data. The tiny model means that code and data are shared in a single segment, just as in most 8-bit based processors, and can be used to build files for instance. Precompiled libraries often come in several versions compiled for different memory models.
According to Morse et al. The designers actually contemplated using an 8-bit shift (instead of 4-bit), in order to create a 16 MB physical address space. However, as this would have forced segments to begin on 256-byte boundaries, and 1 MB was considered very large for a microprocessor around 1976, the idea was dismissed.
Also, there were not enough pins available on a low cost 40-pin package for the additional four address bus pins In principle, the address space of the x86 series could have been extended in later processors by increasing the shift value, as long as applications obtained their segments from the operating system and did not make assumptions about the equivalence of different segment:offset pairs. In practice the use of 'huge' pointers and similar mechanisms was widespread and the flat 32-bit addressing made possible with the 32-bit offset registers in the 80386 eventually extended the limited addressing range in a more general way (see below). Intel could have decided to implement memory in 16 bit words (which would have eliminated the BHE signal along with much of the address bus complexities already described). This would mean that all instruction object codes and data would have to be accessed in 16-bit units. Users of the long ago realized, in hindsight, that the processor makes very efficient use of its memory. By having a large number of 8-bit object codes, the 8080 produces object code as compact as some of the most powerful minicomputers on the market at the time.: 5–26 If the 8086 is to retain 8-bit object codes and hence the efficient memory use of the 8080, then it cannot guarantee that (16-bit) opcodes and data will lie on an even-odd byte address boundary. The first 8-bit opcode will shift the next 8-bit instruction to an odd byte or a 16-bit instruction to an odd-even byte boundary.